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and illness interfere with writing.
George Moore:
Esther Waters
.
Chopin:
Bayou Folk
.
Twain:
Pudd’nhead Wilson
.
1895

Stephen Crane:
The Red Badge of Courage
.
Grant Allen:
The Woman Who Did
.
Wilde:
The Importance of Being

Earnest
;
An Ideal Husband
.
1896
Eight-month trip to Europe.
Hardy:
Jude the Obscure
.
Jewett:
The Country of the Pointed Firs
.
Chekhov:
The Seagull
.
Birth of Scott Fitzgerald.
1897
Publishes
The Decoration of Houses
with architect Ogden Codman.
Grand:
The Beth Book
.
Chopin:
A Night in Acadie
.
Wells:
The Invisible Man
.
Robinson:
The Children of the Night
.
1898
Treated as outpatient in Dr S. Weir Mitchell’s ‘rest-cure’ for nervous collapse.
James:
The Turn of the Screw
.
1899
Publishes first short story collection,
The Greater Inclination
. Travels in Europe.
Gilman:
Women and Economics
.
Thorstein Veblen:
The Theory of the Leisure Class
.
Chopin:
The Awakening
.
James:
The Awkward Age
.
Norris:
McTeague
.
Chekhov:
The Lady with the Lap-dog
.
Birth of Hemingway.
1900
Publishes
The Touchstone
(novella). Travels in Europe.
Conrad:
Lord Jim
.
Dreiser:
Sister Carrie
.
Freud:
The Interpretation of Dreams
.
1901
Buys 113-acre estate in Lenox, Massachusetts. Plans large house and gardens.
Crucial Instances
(stories) published. Mother dies. Edith inherits $90,000.
Mann:
Buddenbrooks
.
Nietzsche:
The Will to Power
.
First Nobel Prize for Literature.
    HISTORICAL EVENTS
    New Zealand women secure the right to vote.
    World Columbian Exposition, Chicago.
    Cleveland regains office as US president (to 1897).
    The US becomes the leading manufacturing nation in the world.
    Nicholas II becomes Tsar.
    Dreyfus affair in France.
    Death of Engels (b. 1820).
    Freud’s
Studies in Hysteria
inaugurates psychoanalysis.
    William McKinley elected US president.
    Klondike Gold Rush.
    Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee. German naval laws begin arms race.
    Curies discover radium. Invention of the cash register. Rockefeller ‘retires’ worth
c
. $200 million. Spanish–American War. Death of Gladstone (b. 1809).
    Moscow Arts Theatre founded.
    Florence Kelley becomes president of newly founded National Consumers’ League.
    Outbreak of Boer War.
    Planck’s quantum theory. First Zeppelin flight.
    US population 76 million. US railroad network just under 200,000 miles.
    Death of Queen Victoria; accession of Edward VII.
    Marconi transmits messages across the Atlantic.
    Assassination of President McKinley; Theodore Roosevelt becomes US president.
    Beginning of Picasso’s ‘Blue’ period.
     
DATE
AUTHOR’S LIFE
LITERARY CONTEXT
1902
Publishes first novel,
The Valley of Decision
, set in eighteenth-century Italy. Becomes friends with Theodore Roosevelt. Moves into ‘The Mount’, her new home in Lenox. Teddy has nervous illness.
James:
The Wings of the Dove
. Gide:
L’Immoraliste
. William James:
Varieties of
Religious Experience
. Birth of Steinbeck.
1903
Travels in Europe with Teddy. Meets Henry James and art critic Bernard Berenson. Begins
The House of Mirth
.
James:
The Ambassadors
. Butler:
The Way of All Flesh
. G. E. Moore:
Principia Ethica
.
1904
Buys her first automobile. Travels in England and France. Works on
The House of Mirth
throughout busy summer at ‘The Mount’. Guests include Henry James. Publishes
Italian Villas and Their Gardens
.
Chekhov:
The Cherry Orchard
. James:
The Golden Bowl
. Conrad:
Nostromo
. Death of Kate Chopin.

1905
Scribner’s serialization of
The House of Mirth
, January–November. Published 14 October in book form, it becomes best-seller (140,000 copies by the end of the year).
Italian Backgrounds
published (first of several travel books).
Forster:
Where Angels Fear to Tread
. Shaw:
Major Barbara
.
1906
Travels in England and France. Stage adaptation of
The House of Mirth
(with Clyde Fitch). Play fails in New York.
Upton Sinclair:
The Jungle
. Death of Ibsen (b. 1828).
1907
Rents apartment in Paris. Publishes
The Fruit of the Tree
.
James:
The American Scene
. Henry Adams:
The